Developments in Micropayment Systems

© 2007, Deeth Williams Wall LLP. All Rights Reserved. By: Amy-Lynne Williams

INTRODUCTION

If you have ever downloaded a 99¢ song from iTunes.com or used a transit payment card to take the subway to work, you are player in the new world of electronic micropayments. The term "micropayments" usually refers to small payments, of a few cents to about $10.00. Wikipedia® defines a micropayment as "a means of transferring very small amounts of money, in situations where collecting such small amounts with the usual payment systems is impractical or very expensive, in terms of the amount of money being collected"¹. In the non-digital world, micropayments themselves are not new of course. People have been paying cash for small purchases for hundreds of years. What is relatively new though is using non-cash, contactless or other electronic methods to make these payments, for online sales and for sales of goods in the "real" world at the point-of-sale. Why have the electronic versions of micropayments become so important to banks and businesses? Because handling cash is very expensive. It needs to be collected, counted, stored, handled and redistributed. Banks and merchants need to find a way to cut those costs. Also, with VISA USA estimating that of the $8.2 trillion in consumer sales, over $2 trillion are small purchases of $25.00 or less; banks and businesses need to find a way to facilitate these payments in a digital world. In Canada, Tim Hortons, a coffee and donut icon, processes 1.7 billion payments a year, mostly in cash. Credit cards are not really a viable alternative to cash for micropayments since the transaction charges to the merchant and the cost to the banks are too high. Paying a 25 cent flat fee charge plus a 2% to 3% interchange fee on the purchase price for example, on a $3.00 purchase does not make good business sense for merchants. Neither does having all the other customers wait in line while the card is swiped, the ticket printed and signed – all for a "fast" cup of coffee.

TYPES

Micropayment systems typically take the form of either stored value cards or RFID key fobs; credit based systems; or account based systems. Stored Value Cards and Fobs/Tags Storing value on a card or other product involves embedding monetary value on an access device. In the case of card-based products, the stored value is stored in a microprocessor chip embedded in a plastic card. Network-based products use software installed on a computer to store the value. The stored value cards can be loaded with funds from your bank account and then, as purchases are made, the funds are used up. The cards can usually be re-loaded from the provider's web site, by phone or at certain merchants. The most common forms of this type of product are transit passes, debit-style pre-paid gift cards, e-purses and cash cards. In Canada, ESSO, one of the large gas stations, has introduced an RFID-enabled speedpass key fob to pay for gas for your car. It is just touched to the reader on the pump. Stored value products are also referred to as electronic money or e-money. The chip technology used in these stored value products tracks the value remaining on the device. There is no link from the card or key fob to the consumer's bank account so if the card or the fob is lost, the only exposure is the amount left in stored value. Like losing a ten dollar bill, your money is gone but your bank account is not compromised. With approximately 12 million cards outstanding perhaps the most widely used stored value product is the Octopus e-card in Hong Kong. This was initially used for transit purchases only but is now accepted for many types of purchases throughout Hong Kong. The cards can be loaded at ATM's, at selected merchant outlets and through a direct link to a bank account or credit card. The stored value cards are meant to be a substitute for bank notes and coins. The limits placed on the amount that can be loaded on the card at any one time are relatively low and this also contributes to the potential for low theft risk. If a thief can only access what is left on the card and cannot access the consumer's bank account, a stolen card is not a huge financial windfall for the thief. Credit Based Systems or Products Credit based systems use your credit card as the payment vehicle and remain the domain of the major financial institutions and typical credit card companies – who prefer to be known as "payment" companies now. In order to try to solve the problem of many fees for small transactions, these credit based products depend on a concept known as "aggregation" to allow micropayments to be made. Aggregation bundles multiple small transactions into one larger one to reduce the transaction charges and fees. For example, when you buy 10 songs from iTunes.com, your credit card does not show 10 separate 99 ¢ charges, it will show the total of $9.99, plus any taxes. You are charged any fees only once for the aggregated transaction amount and the merchant only pays one fee as well. Some systems, like Peppercoin's, detect shopping patterns and know whether to process a charge immediately, for a consumer who shops infrequently, or accumulate the changes until a threshold defined by the merchant is met, perhaps $20.00. Then the transactions are bundled and processed. The system is fully automated so the merchant saves time and money. The challenge for the banking industry has been to find a way to authenticate the charge of $9.99. Instead of the more standard direct authentication of your credit card transaction between the merchant and your card issuing institution, with the micropayment aggregation model, each small transaction is not individually authenticated. This can create security headaches for the issuing financial institutions since they cannot determine, at the point-of-sale, whether the cardholder has authorized the purchase. Many credit based products are also relying on RFID and CHIP security to eliminate the need for a signature or a PIN and also to make the product more secure. If contactless methods are not used however, there is still the need to use a signature or a PIN at the point-of-sale and the delays this causes may also lead to non-acceptance of that product. If the product is contactless, this means it is faster and if it is faster, there is more likelihood that it will be used by consumers and merchants alike. Account Based Systems or Products The most common type of account based product is the debit card that accesses funds in your bank account directly and transfers those funds to the merchant account. The requirement for a PIN can slow down the process however and lead to the product not being used for micropayments. Like the credit based products, the introduction of contactless products help with this problem. The major difference between account based systems and credit based systems resides in whose money is being used to pay. In an account based system, the money is yours. With a credit based system, the money is the bank's. Another form of account based product can be illustrated using PayPal as an example. PayPal allows consumers to keep funds "on account" with PayPal and in effect PayPal "holds the float", instead of your bank. PayPal has leveraged the ACH (automated clearinghouse) system as a settlement mechanism. ACH is an electronic funds transfer system that was developed to facilitate the interbank clearing of electronic payments between deposit taking financial institutions. On eBay for example, PayPal uses allows consumers to deposit "funds" in a PayPal account using ACH debits from a deposit taking institution (their bank) for use to complete purchases later. The question this raises of course is, if PayPal is in control of the funds float, are they a deposit-taking institution and therefore should they be subject to all the banking regulations and controls that govern traditional financial institutions?

HISTORY

There have been many forms of micropayment vehicles launched over the past few years and there have been some notable failures, such as Bitpass; Cybercoin; Digicash and Internet Dollar. The biggest obstacle to success in the micropayment world has been getting consumers and merchants to embrace the electronic micropayment delivery systems. Customers think of cash as free and so balk at fees. If it is too much work to use a card or reload it they will not use it. The Mondex stored value card system is a good example. Mondex sounded like a great idea – you load cash onto a card and then as you use it up, you reload it. No more carrying around cash – and in Canada, this meant no longer carrying several pounds of one-dollar and two-dollar coins. However, Mondex failed, in part, because there were only a limited number of venues where you could reload the card and it took effort on the part of the consumer. The added convenience did not outweigh the pain of using the card. Recently the Dexit system was introduced in Canada. It is a stored value, contactless key fob or sticker for your phone that was just touched to a terminal when you ordered your "double, double". This system started with great fanfare but it had serious technology failures that eroded consumer acceptance and it is now available in less than 15 locations according to Dexit's website. Again, if consumers cannot depend on the system to be as reliable and worry free as cash, it will not be a success. At the merchant level, a micropayment system also needs an acceptable price point; minimal merchant intervention; and technology acceptance. If it does not have these things, the system will not achieve a critical usage mass and the venture will fail. Merchants will not invest in the time and money required to install new readers, train their staff and change how they accept payment if it is not going to pay off. Similarly, if consumers can only use their payment card at a small percentage of merchants, they will not invest the time and energy it takes to use the new system when it is just as easy to use cash. Whether a system catches on may also depend on what country it is being used in. In Canada there is widespread acceptance of the use of debit cards and Canada has one of the few remaining nationwide systems in the world. There is only one debit system in Canada - the Interac® system - and all the major banks and merchants are using it. A system that combined debit and stored value for example, would have a better chance than a similar system in a country that did not have wide spread use or acceptance of debit. So, what has caused the failures of previous micropayment systems? It is a combination of:

• requiring consumers to carry multiple cards;
• fees;
• too complicated to use or reload;
• not enough merchants accepting it; and
• technical glitches.

TRUST ISSUE

Alvin Toffler, of Future Shock fame, in his 1990 book entitled Power Shift, wrote: "(i)ncreasingly detached from material embodiments, capital and money alike change through history, moving by stages from totally tangible to symbolic and ultimately today to its "supersymbolic" form. This vast sequence of transformations is accompanied by a deep shift of belief, almost a religious conversion – from a trust in permanent, tangible things like gold and paper to a belief that even the most intangible, ephemeral electronic blips can be swapped for goods or services."² Speaking about the change from using animal skins, salt, land and goods as "currency" to the beginning of the use paper money, Toffler notes that "unless a person believed that others would accept paper, and deliver goods for it, it had no value at all."³ In many ways, the advent of micropayment systems clearly reflects this progression and the belief system that must accompany it. In the "old days", a customer gave money to the bank and trusted them to give it back to the customer or to someone the customer instructed them to give it to. It is all based on trust. The banks matched a signature to a signature card. Banks and customers alike are now getting comfortable with the new technology that makes micropayments a reality. With contactless micropayments, there is no PIN and no one-on-one message to the bank. Rather than matching signatures to signature cards, we maintain trust now through RFID chips. Without a high level of trust that the security built into the micropayment system will keep account and personal information secure, there is no chance that the system will succeed. Similarly if you cannot believe that others will accept the system and deliver goods for it, as Toffler says, it will have no value at all. This is perhaps the greatest challenge for micropayment system.

LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES

In most instances, micropayment products have not been around or not survived long enough for all the legal issues to be explored or resolved. There are however, some interesting legal and policy issues that are being explored at national and industry levels, for example:

• Does the issuance of e-money, which is meant to be a substitute for coins and paper currency, create a new money supply? If so, will it have any effect on the monetary policy of countries that have growing systems using e-money?
• Will e-money issuers that are not regulated financial institutions be required to report to a central authority on the amount of e-money issued?
• If transportation companies, hydro giants and online payment facilitators or intermediaries hold the float, investing it and creating value independently of the regulated banking system, are they deposit taking institutions who should be regulated like banks?
• Is deposit protection (such as the Canadian CDIC system) available for the money that is held in the hands of PayPal, the phone company and others?
• What happens to the remaining stored value on your merchant gift card when the merchant closes his doors? Consumer protection legislation will have to address this, perhaps through the requirement for float funds to be placed in a secure escrowed trust accounts. However, is the aggregate float amount the property of the merchant or the hundreds of customers who have paid for the gift card? Is that property available to the merchant's secured creditors first in the event of a bankruptcy?
• Is privacy really assured with the use of RFID? What happens if there is a security breach at an unregulated stored value facilitator or intermediary?
• Does your stored value facilitator have to comply with the privacy laws of other countries when it holds your float and account information?
• Is false value being created in the economy? If it is a stored value card what is it? Is it cash or something else?
• Consumer protection concerns with respect to assurances of confidentiality, security and the viability and identity of any third party micropayment processors needs to be addressed on an ongoing basis. This is particularly important with third parties who hold the float in a shadow account in countries where they are not regulated.
• Should companies wishing to issue e-money be subject to regulatory supervision which will ensure that they meet minimum requirements for licensing, solvency, liquidity, risk management and security?
• As new technologies are developed, or older ones adapted, the potential for patent infringements increases and so will the number of infringement lawsuits.

PRIVACY AND SECURITY

All developers and sellers of micropayment systems understand the need to secure the transactions made using their systems. It is critically important that others do not have the ability to create counterfeit value. The RFID chip card is meant to accomplish this, since the chip cannot be read or duplicated and so, if someone steals a stored value card, and does not have the customer's PIN, the remaining value can be used by the thief, but the card cannot be reloaded without the PIN. Stored value cards (gift cards or keypass payment cards for example) are valuable tools for merchants because they can be tied to loyalty programs and build a consistent customer base. However, personal information such as the customer's name and address, as well as buying habits and recent purchases, is collected as part of these cards. This personal information is not only sensitive, it is extremely valuable and it must be protected and collected only in accordance with relevant privacy laws. The potential for abuses can be high. All of the legal, security and privacy issues become particularly important if any of the business operations of the e-money provider are outsourced - particularly if outsourced to a jurisdiction that does not have a strong banking and credit regulatory regime.

WHAT IS NEXT?

The answer to this question probably depends on where you live. In some countries, banks are not as involved in the credit/payment process and so the market for credit type products has not had the wide coverage that they have in North America and other areas of the world where credit is more widely accepted. In countries where the banks do not control the credit/payment process, the drivers for payment mechanisms were developed largely by the telecommunications and transportation companies, who have pushed the envelope on payment systems. Systems that were originally developed for use on mass transit have been expanded to allow the purchase of goods and services and the standard for the most successful product is usually the one that the others must follow to gain market acceptance. The Importance of Standards For the international acceptance of any one payment mechanism, therefore, this difference in the origins of the micropayments systems translates into standards setting conflicts and conflicting regulations. If the major player in your payments system is a telco, then having consistent standards for micropayment delivery systems that work across all phone systems and fit within the telco regulatory system is not as big a challenge as trying to fit this system into a nation where the major payment systems are governed by banks. Banks are heavily invested in card technology and regulated as banks – not telcos. In many countries, since local number portability in the mobile market is just now, as in Canada, taking off, it is not realistic to assume that the telcos will be able to develop a common standard for micropayment delivery systems using mobile phones. However, the banks in Canada have, for almost 20 years, had a common system for shared cash and debit known as Interac® that has wide consumer acceptance and one set of rules. In the US and in Canada, the credit card/payment companies have a common RFID standard, ISO 14443. This allows the cards to work on the same card readers and reduces the cost, not only for the credit card companies to implement the systems, but for the merchants as well. Merchants need only install one card reader in their store, not 4. Once everyone has the same reader, then consumer acceptance of the card increases because it is widely accepted and the hassle factor is much reduced. The merchant does not have to worry that it is going to implement a new technology either that doesn't work, or will not be accepted. If it is Visa or MasterCard that is pushing the product, most merchants in North American would assume it is going to work and to sell. In North America, there is a growing trend towards dual mode payment cards. The introduction of CHIP technology for debit and credit cards here will facilitate the use of debit and credit cards for contactless, no PIN, no signature, small value payment as well. There will be no new payment mechanism for the consumer to learn. It will use the same debit or credit card they use now and can be updated at the POS, online or through an ATM. The merchants will have a consistent, recognizable card-reading standard to deal with. Does it Matter How Old You Are? Key fobs and RFID's on phones are probably going to be popular in almost every country, but it may depend how old the customer is. For those under 35 who would never think of leaving the house without their mobile phone at their side, using a key fob or RFID tag on their cell phone may be more intuitive. The over 35 crowd, who would never leave home without their wallet and either a debit card or a credit card, may be more comfortable with the dual mode card. We will have to wait and see.

CONCLUSION

Even though the Internet and e-commerce and the technology to facilitate online micropayments have been around now for many years, it appears that the micropayments field is still developing. In many instances, the classic "chicken and the egg" dilemma stalls the implementation of new products. Consumers and merchants will not embrace the new products until they can be sure that the product will be widely accepted and easy to use. However, the product cannot be widely accepted until a critical mass of consumers and merchants use it. It may be that the already recognized players in this field, the credit/payment institutions in some countries and the telecommunications or transportation companies in others will dominate the micropayments field overall. They are known players; are trusted by merchants and consumers to provide a product that works; and are already producing products for micropayments and other payments that are in widespread use. One of the keys appears to be the ability to ensure that appropriate technical and security standards are in place to ensure that merchants do not need to install multiple readers and systems and that customers do not have to change their buying habits and lifestyle to use the technology. It is certainly likely that there will be just as many winners as losers as the market for the micropayment dollar heats up but, with lessons learned from the mistakes of others, and a better understanding of consumer and merchant psychology, perhaps the goal of having just a couple of micropayment systems around the world, instead of many will be realized in the next few years. One day, the thought of having to keep paper and coins in your pocket to pay for your coffee may be just as odd as the thought of having to trade animal skins for the goods you want. It should be fascinating to watch. Amy-Lynne Williams Deeth Williams Wall LLP 150 York Street, Suite 400 Toronto, Ontario CANADA M5H 3S5 Phone: 416-941-9047 awilliams@dww.com These tables are reproduced from Wikipedia® and contain a list smart cards used for public transportation and other electronic purse applications.⁴

Americas

Place	Card	Provider	Introduction
Atlanta	Breeze Card	Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority	December 2005
Bogotá	HID Corp	Transmilenio	2000
Boston	CharlieCard	Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority	2006
Buenos Aires	Subtecard	Metrovías	2003
Chicago	Chicago Card	Chicago Transit Authority	2002
Gatineau	Passe-Partout PLUS	Société de Transport de l'Outaouais	1998, fully implemented in 2004
León de los Aldama	PagoBus	Coordinadora Del Transporte Urbano De La Ciudad, S.C.	March 2001
Mendoza	Red Bus	Siemens	2006
Mexico City	Metrobús Card	Mexico City Metrobús	June 2005
Minneapolis-St. Paul	Go-To card	Metro Transit (Minnesota)
St. John's, Newfoundland	M-Card	St. John's Transportation Commission (Metrobus)	December 2006
San Francisco Bay area	TransLink card	Metropolitan Transportation Commission	testing since 2002
Santiago	Multivía/Bip	Metro de Santiago de Chile/Transantiago	2003 to 2007/since 2007
São Paulo	Bilhete Único	SPTrans - São Paulo Transportes	2004
Toronto	GTA Farecard	GO Transit	2007
Washington, D.C.	SmarTrip	Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority	1999

Asia

Place	Card	Provider	Introduction
Beijing	Yikatong card		2003
Busan	Hanaro Card	Busan Hanaro Card Company	1997
	Mybi	Mybi	2000
New Delhi	Delhi Metro Smart Card	Delhi Metro Rail Corporation	2005
Kolkata	Kolkata Metro Smart Card	Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation	-
Guangzhou	Yang Cheng Tong	Yang Cheng Tong Corporation	December 2001
Hamamatsu	NicePass	Enshu Railway	October 2004
Hong Kong	Octopus	Octopus Cards Limited	1997
İzmir	Kentkart	Kentkart	1997
Iran	Special disease card	[1]IdehGostar Company	Implemented on 2005
Jamshedpur, India	Xavier Labor Relations Institute smart card	XLRI Card	2006
Japan	Tobacco Card	Tobacco Institute of Japan and others	2008
Kaohsiung	TaiwanMoney Card	MasterCard, Cathay United Bank, Acer e-Service	June 2006
Kagoshima	RapiCa	Kagoshima City Transportation Bureau, Nangoku Kotsu, and JR Kyushu Bus	April 2005
Kanazawa	ICa	Hokuriku Railroad	December 2004
Malaysia	Touch 'n Go	Teras Teknologi Sdn Bhd	1997
Matsuyama	IC e-card	Iyo Railway	October 2005
Nagasaki	Nagasaki Smart Card	Nagasaki Prefecture Transportation Bureau and other 5 bus operators	January 2002
Greater Nagoya	TOICA	JR Central	November 2006
Okayama	Hareca	Okayama Electric Tramway, Ryobi Bus, Shimotsui Dentetsu	October 2006
Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto	ICOCA	JR West	November 2001
Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto, Okayama and Shizuoka	PiTaPa	Surutto Kansai Association, comprised of various private operators	October 2004
Malaysia: Petaling Jaya	Sri KDU eWallet	Sekolah Sri KDU	2003
Seoul Metropolitan Area	T-Money	Korea Smart Card Co. Ltd.	July 2004
	Upass	Seoul Metropolitan Bus Operater Association	June 1996
	hi-pass/hi-pass plus	Korea Highway Corporation	2000
Shanghai	Shanghai Public Transportation Card		December 1999
Shenzhen	Shenzhen TransCard	Shenzhen TransCard Corporation	December 2004
Shizuoka	LuLuCa	Shizuoka Railway and Shizutetsu Just Line	March 2006 (Shizutetsu Just Line), October 2006 (Shizuoka Railway)
Singapore	EZ-Link	EZ-Link Pte Ltd	2001
Taichung	ECard (Smart Card)	Taiwan Smart Card Corporation	August 2004
Taipei	EasyCard	Taipei Smart Card Corporation	March 2000
Takamatsu	IruCa	Takamatsu-Kotohira Electric Railroad and Kotoden Bus	February 2005
Tehran	Metro Card (Tehran)	Processing World Co./ASCOM	Implemented on 2002
Thailand	ThaiSmartCard	Thai Smart Card Co.,Ltd.	December 2005
Greater Tokyo Area	PASMO	PASMO Corporation, associated with various private operators	March 2007
Greater Tokyo Area, Sendai and Niigata	Suica	JR East, JR Bus Kanto, Saitama New Urban Transit, Sendai Airport Transit, Tokyo Monorail, and Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit	November 2001 (JR East)
Tokyo	Setamaru	Tokyo Kyuko Electric Railway (Setagaya Line only)	July 2002
Toyama	passca	Toyama Light Rail	April 2006

Europe

Place	Card	Provider	Introduction
Funchal	Giro	Horarios do Funchal	February 2007
Aveiro	MoveAveiro	Transportes Urbanos de Aveiro	2002
Bordeaux	Le Pass	Tram et Bus de la CUB	2003
Bucharest	Cardul Activ	RATB	2006 / 2007
Cheshire	Cheshire Travelcard	Cheshire County Council	2002
Dublin	Luas smartcard	ITS	March 2005
Guernsey	Multi Journey "Wave & Save"	Island Coachways	Unknown
Kraków	Cracow City Card		October 2005
Lancashire & Cumbria	NoWcard - Concessionary Travel Card for the Elderly & Disabled	Lancashire & Cumbria District Concessionary Travel Authorities	Being ' rolled out' across the region from September 2006, initially with Blackpool Transportfollowed up by Rossendale Transportin March 2007, then Stagecoach and Blazefield companies
Lisbon	LisboaViva card	[[Otlis[[2]]	November 2001
Lisbon	Lisboa Card	Transportation and Culture	May 2005
Lisbon	7 Colinas	Transportation	May 2005
London	Oyster card	Transport for London	January 2004
Lyon	Carte Técély	Transports en Commun Lyonnais	Unknown
Madrid	Sube-T	Consorcio de Transportes de Madrid
Málaga	Billete Único	Consorcio de Transportes del Área de Málaga	February 2005
Moscow	Transport Card	Moscow Metro	September 1, 1998
Moscow	Transport Card	Mosgortrans	Introduced on May 12, 2001. Fully implemented on all routes in April 2006. 3 of 689 routes now working without turnstiles.
Nottingham	EasyRider	Nottingham City Transport	September 2000
The Netherlands	OV-chipkaart	Trans Link Systems	2006 / 2007
Oulu	Bus Card	Koskilinjat OY	January 1992
Palma de Mallorca	Targeta ciutadana	[3]	January 2006
Paris	Navigo card	STIF	October 2001
Porto	Andante	Transportes Intermodais do Porto	2002
Saint Petersburg	Contactless Smart Card	Saint Petersburg Metro	2004
South Jutland (Sønderjylland)	Elektronisk Klippekort	Sydbus	2001
Tours	Multipass	Multipass Centre	2002
Warsaw	Warsaw City Card (Karta Miejska)	ZTM	October 2001
Chelyabinsk (Russia)	[Uralinfotect]	[CFT]	2004
Novosibirsk (Russia)	[city administration]	[CFT]	2006

Oceania

Place	Card	Provider	Introduction
Brisbane	Translink SmartCard	TransLink / Cubic	Early 2007 (subject to Pilot results)
Christchurch	metrocard	Metro	2004
Hamilton, NZ	BUSIT! Cards [4]	Environment Waikato	Unknown
Melbourne	myki	Kamco	2007
Perth	SmartRider	Transperth and Wayfarer Transit	April 2006
Sydney	Tcard	NSW Ministry of Transport	2005 (schoolchildren) 2006-2007 (general public)

Electronic fare collection systems

Americas	GTA Farecard (Toronto, Canada) • Multivia (Santiago, Chile) • Red Bus (Mendoza, Argentina) United States: Breeze Card (Atlanta) • CharlieCard (Boston) • Chicago Card (Chicago) • Go-To card (Minneapolis-St. Paul) • MetroCard (New York City) • SmartLink (PANYNJ, PATH) • SmarTrip (Washington, D.C.) • Translink (San Francisco Bay Area) • TransPass & TrailPass (SEPTA)
Europe	Andante (Porto) • Elektra (Budapest) • Luas Smartcard (Dublin) • Navigo (Paris) • OV-Chipkaart (Netherlands) United Kingdom: EasyRider (Nottingham) • Oyster (London)
Asia	EasyCard (Taipei) • EZ-Link (Singapore) • G-Pass (Manila) • Touch 'n Go (Malaysia) China: Octopus (Hong Kong) • SPTC (Shanghai) • Shenzhen TransCard (Shenzhen) • Yang Cheng Tong (Guangzhou radius) • Yikatong (Beijing) Japan: Hareca (Okayama) • ICa (Kanazawa) • IC e-card (Matsuyama) • ICOCA (Osaka, JR) • IruCa (Takamatsu) • LuLuCa (Shizuoka) • Nagasaki Smart Card (Nagasaki) • NicePass (Hamamatsu) • PASMO (Tokyo) • passca (Toyama) • PiTaPa (Osaka) • RapiCa (Kagoshima) • Suica (Tokyo, JR) • TOICA (Nagoya) South Korea: Hanaro Card (Busan) • K-CASH (Chuncheon, Gimhae) • KTX Family Card • Mybi • T-Money (Seoul,Yeongnam) • Upass (Seoul,Wonju)
Australia	myki (Melbourne) • SmartRider (Perth) • Tcard (Sydney) • TransLink (Brisbane)